Rubia

: Research has highlighted its antioxidant , anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects.

This is a perennial climbing vine widely used in and Ayurveda . : It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin),

Historically famous for the dye, this species is native to Europe and the Middle East. : In traditional systems, it was used to

: It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin), terpenes, and cyclopeptides . 2. Rubia tinctorum (Common Madder) : In traditional systems

: The dried roots contain the pigment alizarin , which was the primary source for red textiles before synthetic dyes were developed.

: In traditional systems, it was used to treat kidney stones and menstrual disorders, though it is less common today due to potential toxicity . A comprehensive review of Rubia cordifolia L. - PMC

: Its rhizomes and roots are valued for improving blood circulation, purifying blood, and treating inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, and psoriasis.