The process begins when a laser beam strikes a material surface.

Determines how fast heat "spreads" relative to the melting point.

Below melting; used for laser hardening or annealing. Melting: Used for welding and laser cladding. Vaporization: Used for precision cutting and drilling.

Highly dependent on wavelength, surface roughness, and temperature.

Vaporization exerts force on the liquid, often causing "spatter." 🛠️ Process Regimes

At high intensities, ionized gas can block the beam from reaching the target. 🔥 Heat Conduction and Temperature Distribution

To help me flesh this out into a full formal paper, could you tell me:

Driven by Marangoni flow (surface tension gradients).

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