Key Study: Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies

: This research is frequently cited in discussions about the "phenotypic costs of captivity," illustrating how human intervention and artificial rearing can inadvertently strip a species of complex survival behaviors like long-distance migration. Where to Find the Article

You can access the full study and related reviews through the following academic platforms:

: The findings are summarized in broader biological reviews, such as "The phenotypic costs of captivity" in Biological Reviews , which uses the Tenger-Trolander study to highlight how captive-bred individuals lose key behavioral traits.