Bacillus Subtilis (2025)

: Used as a biopesticide and soil inoculant to promote plant growth, fix nitrogen, and suppress fungal pathogens like root rot [10, 13, 15].

: Under stress or nutrient starvation, it undergoes asymmetric cell division to create an endospore . These spores can remain dormant for years and are resistant to environmental extremes like UV radiation and high temperatures [1, 2, 5]. bacillus subtilis

: It is a rod-shaped bacterium, typically 2–6 µm long and about 1 µm in diameter [1, 2]. : Used as a biopesticide and soil inoculant

: It is naturally transformable , meaning it can actively take up foreign DNA from its environment, making it a primary model organism for genetic research [1, 8]. Major Applications : It is a rod-shaped bacterium, typically 2–6

: Formulated into dietary supplements for humans and additives for livestock to improve digestion, immune function, and gut microbiome balance [4, 8, 31, 34].

: The cells are highly motile, utilizing peritrichous flagella (tails covering the entire surface) to move through liquids [2, 5].