126287 Apr 2026

The review highlights the primary obstacles currently facing researchers in the field:

Traditional training data can lead to hallucinations or biased outputs, particularly in socio-economically diverse content. 126287

“Modern deep learning-based approaches have supplanted traditional approaches in image captioning, leading to more efficient and sophisticated models.” ScienceDirect.com The review highlights the primary obstacles currently facing

Metrics like BLEU and ROUGE are used to measure accuracy, but they sometimes struggle to capture the full semantic meaning or clinical relevance of a caption. 126287

The extraction of visual information using models like CNNs or Vision Transformers.

Experts and researchers emphasize the practical difficulties and recent breakthroughs in applying these deep reviews to real-world medical data.

There is a critical need to bridge the "visual-pathological gap," as many standard models lack the ability to accurately describe pathological locations.